Git 分支管理
1. 概念
我们来抽象的理解,分支就是科幻电影里面的平行宇宙,当你正在电脑前努力学习Git的时候,另一个你正在另一个平行宇宙里努力学习SVN。如果两个平行宇宙互不干扰,那对现在的你也没啥影响。不过,在某个时间点,两个平行宇宙合并了,结果,你既学会了git又学会了SVN!
那么分支在实际中有什么用呢?假设你准备开发一个新功能,但是需要两周才能完成,第一周你写了50%的代码,如果立刻提交,由于代码还没写完,不完整的代码库会导致别人不能干活了。如果等代码全部写完再一次提交,又存在丢失每天进度的巨大风险。
现在有了分支,就不用怕了。你创建了一个属于你自己的分支,别人看不到,还继续在原来的分支上正常工作,而你在自己的分支上干活,想提交就提交,直到开发完毕后,再一次性合并到原来的分支上,这样,既安全,又不影响别人工作。
2.创建与合并分支
git把我们之前每次提交的版本串成一条时间线,这条时间线就是一个分支。截止到目前只有一条时间线,在git里,这个分支叫主分支,即master分支。HEAD严格来说不是指向提交,而是指向master,master才是指向提交的,所以,HEAD指向的就是当前分支。
1) 一开始的时候,master分支是一条线,git用master指向最新的提交,再用HEAD指向master,就能确定当前分支,以及当前分支的提交点:

每次提交,master分支都会向前移动一步,这样,随着你不断提交,master分支的线也越来越长。
2)当我们创建新的分支,例如dev时,git新建了一个指针叫dev,指向master相同的提交,再把HEAD指向dev,就表示当前分支在dev上:

git创建一个分支很快,因为除了增加一个dev指针,改变HEAD的指向,工作区的文件都没有任何变化。
3)不过,从现在开始,对工作区的修改和提交就是针对dev分支了,比如新提交一次后,dev指针往前移动一步,而master指针不变:

4)假如我们在dev上的工作完成了,就可以把dev合并到master上。git怎么合并呢?最简单的方法,就是直接把master指向dev的当前提交,就完成了合并:

git合并分支也很快,就改改指针,工作区内容也不变。
5)合并完分支后,甚至可以删除dev分支。删除dev分支就是把dev指针给删掉,删掉后,我们就剩下了一条master分支:

实战案例演示:
执行如下命令可以查看当前有几个分支,并且看到在哪个分支下工作
- [root@kai git_test]# git branch
- * master
- [root@kai git_test]#
下面创建一个分支dev并切换到其上进行工作。
- [root@kai git_test]# git branch
- * master
- [root@kai git_test]# git checkout -b dev
- Switched to a new branch 'dev'
- [root@kai git_test]# git branch
- * dev
- master
- [root@kai git_test]#

下面我们修改code.txt内容,在里面添加一行,并进行提交。
- [root@kai git_test]# echo "add one line" >> code.txt
- [root@kai git_test]# cat code.txt
- this is the first line
- this is the second line
- this is the third line
- this is the forth line
- add one line
- [root@kai git_test]# git add code.txt
- [root@kai git_test]# git commit -m "dev_branch_submit"
- [dev b63902b] dev_branch_submit
- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
- [root@kai git_test]#

dev分支的工作完成,我们就可以切换回master分支:
- [root@kai git_test]# git commit -m "dev_branch_submit"
- [dev b63902b] dev_branch_submit
- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
- [root@kai git_test]# git checkout master
- Switched to branch 'master'
- [root@kai git_test]# git branch
- dev
- * master
- [root@kai git_test]#

master分支查看code.txt,发现添加的内容没有了。因为那个提交是在dev分支上,而master分支此刻的提交点并没有变:
- [root@kai git_test]# cat code.txt
- this is the first line
- this is the second line
- this is the third line
- this is the forth line
- [root@kai git_test]#
现在,我们把dev分支的工作成果合并到master分支上:
- [root@kai git_test]# git merge dev
- Updating f25e944..b63902b
- Fast-forward
- code.txt | 1 +
- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
- [root@kai git_test]# cat code.txt
- this is the first line
- this is the second line
- this is the third line
- this is the forth line
- add one line
- [root@kai git_test]#

注意到上面的Fast-forward信息,Git告诉我们,这次合并是“快进模式”,也就是直接把master指向dev的当前提交,所以合并速度非常快。
合并完成后,就可以放心地删除dev分支了,删除后,查看branch,就只剩下master分支了。
- [root@kai git_test]# git branch -d dev
- Deleted branch dev (was b63902b).
- [root@kai git_test]# git branch
- * master
- [root@kai git_test]#

小结:
查看分支:git branch
创建分支:git branch <name>
切换分支:git checkout <name>
创建+切换分支:git checkout -b <name>
合并某分支到当前分支:git merge <name>
删除分支:git branch -d <name>
3. 解决冲突
合并分支往往也不是一帆风顺的。
再创建并切换一个新分支dev,修改code.txt内容,并进行提交。
- [root@kai git_test]# git checkout -b dev
- Switched to a new branch 'dev'
- [root@kai git_test]# git branch
- * dev
- master
- [root@kai git_test]# echo "add two line" >> code.txt
- [root@kai git_test]# cat code.txt
- this is the first line
- this is the second line
- this is the third line
- this is the forth line
- add one line
- add two line
- [root@kai git_test]# git add code.txt
- [root@kai git_test]# git commit -m "dev_branch_submit"
- [dev 7da47b4] dev_branch_submit
- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
- [root@kai git_test]#
切换回master分支,在master的code.txt添加一行内容并进行提交。
- [root@kai git_test]# git checkout master
- Switched to branch 'master'
- [root@kai git_test]# echo "add two line in master" >> code.txt
- [root@kai git_test]# cat code.txt
- this is the first line
- this is the second line
- this is the third line
- this is the forth line
- add one line
- add two line in master
- [root@kai git_test]# git add code.txt
- [root@kai git_test]# git commit -m "matser_branch_submit"
- [master e57c158] matser_branch_submit
- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
- [root@kai git_test]#
现在,master分支和dev分支各自都分别有新的提交,变成了这个样子:

这种情况下,git无法执行“快速合并”,只能试图把各自的修改合并起来,但这种合并就可能会有冲突。
执行如下命令尝试将dev分支合并到master分支上来。
- [root@kai git_test]# git merge dev
- Auto-merging code.txt
- CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in code.txt
- Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.
- [root@kai git_test]#
git告诉我们,code.txt文件存在冲突,必须手动解决冲突后再提交。
git status也可以告诉我们冲突的文件:
- [root@kai git_test]# git status
- # On branch master
- # You have unmerged paths.
- # (fix conflicts and run "git commit")
- #
- # Unmerged paths:
- # (use "git add <file>..." to mark resolution)
- #
- # both modified: code.txt
- #
- no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
- [root@kai git_test]#
查看code.txt的内容。
- [root@kai git_test]# cat code.txt
- this is the first line
- this is the second line
- this is the third line
- this is the forth line
- add one line
- <<<<<<< HEAD
- add two line in master
- =======
- add two line
- >>>>>>> dev
- [root@kai git_test]#
git用<<<<<<<,=======,>>>>>>>标记出不同分支的内容,我们修改如下后保存,再次提交:
- [root@kai git_test]# cat code.txt
- this is the first line
- this is the second line
- this is the third line
- this is the forth line
- add one line
- add two line in master
- add two line
- [root@kai git_test]# git add code.txt
- [root@kai git_test]# git commit -m "resolve_the_conflict"
- [master b46a32f] resolve_the_conflict
- [root@kai git_test]#
现在,master分支和dev分支变成了下图所示:

用带参数的git log也可以看到分支的合并情况:
- [root@kai git_test]# git commit -m "resolve_the_conflict"
- [master b46a32f] resolve_the_conflict
- [root@kai git_test]# git log --graph --pretty=oneline
- * b46a32ff94fb7cf4b61ce9af466c5433b0469fb2 resolve_the_conflict
- |\
- | * 7da47b4af8476b1c42b03bf04b7d3f103b16da0d dev_branch_submit
- * | e57c158c60697955a4179ab87244957967419f70 matser_branch_submit
- |/
- * b63902b3874dd3e0a3e0b1ae3e0eb0f30cd616d4 dev_branch_submit
- * f25e944f3e23532ecc3d2837c32057826920474b delete_code2.txt
- * 66a9c996749285bdb5e2010b992483e8a1a1771c version4
- * f18f0ccadc62b83fa4c6e2222956ba2f2a0e5230 version3
- * 6280fa584403809ac2078a81120acf33e6bec836 version2
- * 020bf021ec6d1b77836db4e96541d3659251714e version1
- [root@kai git_test]#
最后工作完成,可以删除dev分支。
- [root@kai git_test]# git branch -d dev
- Deleted branch dev (was 7da47b4).
- [root@kai git_test]# git branch
- * master
- [root@kai git_test]#
4. 分支管理策略
通常,合并分支时,如果可能,git会用fast forward模式,但是有些快速合并不能成功而且合并时没有冲突,这个时候会合并之后并做一次新的提交。但这种模式下,删除分支后,会丢掉分支信息。
创建切换到dev分支下,新建一个文件code3.txt编辑内容如下,并提交一个commit。
- [root@kai git_test]# git checkout -b dev
- Switched to a new branch 'dev'
- [root@kai git_test]# echo "this is the first line" >> code3.txt
- [root@kai git_test]# cat code3.txt
- this is the first line
- [root@kai git_test]# git add code3.txt
- [root@kai git_test]# git commit -m "create_new_code3"
- [dev a1f6ad6] create_new_code3
- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
- create mode 100644 code3.txt
- [root@kai git_test]#
切换回master分支,编辑code.txt并进行一个提交。
- [root@kai git_test]# git checkout master
- Switched to branch 'master'
- [root@kai git_test]# ls
- code.txt
- [root@kai git_test]# echo "add three line" >> code.txt
- [root@kai git_test]# git add code.txt
- [root@kai git_test]# git commit -m "add_new_line"
- [master f4f5dd0] add_new_line
- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
- [root@kai git_test]#
合并dev分支的内容到master分支。出现如下提示,这是因为这次不能进行快速合并,所以git提示输入合并说明信息,输入之后合并内容之后git会自动创建一次新的提交。
- [root@kai git_test]# git merge dev
- Merge branch 'dev'
-
- # Please enter a commit message to explain why this merge is necessary,
- # especially if it merges an updated upstream into a topic branch.
- #
- # Lines starting with '#' will be ignored, and an empty message aborts
- # the commit.
- ~
- ~
- ~
- ".git/MERGE_MSG" 7L, 246C
- # 保存退出即可!
- Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy.
- code3.txt | 1 +
- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
- create mode 100644 code3.txt
- [root@kai git_test]#
使用分支命令查看分支信息。
- [root@kai git_test]# git log --graph --pretty=oneline
- * f6807c155cbb5aa59a04a6eb354d1df14d641c3c Merge branch 'dev'
- |\
- | * a1f6ad699c62782ddf3cd2c6fc36773f7e55a365 create_new_code3
- * | f4f5dd02154451492b799d9ce8346361e3898b00 add_new_line
- |/
- * b46a32ff94fb7cf4b61ce9af466c5433b0469fb2 resolve_the_conflict
- |\
- | * 7da47b4af8476b1c42b03bf04b7d3f103b16da0d dev_branch_submit
- * | e57c158c60697955a4179ab87244957967419f70 matser_branch_submit
- |/
- * b63902b3874dd3e0a3e0b1ae3e0eb0f30cd616d4 dev_branch_submit
- * f25e944f3e23532ecc3d2837c32057826920474b delete_code2.txt
- * 66a9c996749285bdb5e2010b992483e8a1a1771c version4
- * f18f0ccadc62b83fa4c6e2222956ba2f2a0e5230 version3
- * 6280fa584403809ac2078a81120acf33e6bec836 version2
- * 020bf021ec6d1b77836db4e96541d3659251714e version1
- [root@kai git_test]#
删除dev分支。
- [root@kai git_test]# git branch -d dev
- Deleted branch dev (was a1f6ad6).
- [root@kai git_test]#
如果要强制禁用fast forward模式,git就会在merge时生成一个新的commit,这样,从分支历史上就可以看出分支信息。
禁用fast forward模式:
创建并切换到dev分支,修改code.txt内容,并提交一个commit。
- [root@kai git_test]# git checkout -b dev
- Switched to a new branch 'dev'
- [root@kai git_test]# echo "add new line" >> code.txt
- [root@kai git_test]# git add code.txt
- [root@kai git_test]# git commit -m "add_nwe_line"
- [dev 5952b2f] add_nwe_line
- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
- [root@kai git_test]#
切换回master分支,准备合并dev分支,请注意--no-ff参数,表示禁用Fast forward:
- [root@kai git_test]# git merge --no-ff -m 'forbid_fastforward_merge' dev
- Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy.
- code.txt | 1 +
- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
- [root@kai git_test]#
因为本次合并要创建一个新的commit,所以加上-m参数,把commit描述写进去。
合并后,我们用git log看看分支历史:
可以看到,不使用Fast forward模式,merge后就像这样:
- [root@kai git_test]# git log --graph --pretty=oneline
- * aa22465083e104bf61d7a5c1b8190fe48557adf7 forbid_fastforward_merge
- |\
- | * 5952b2f6b216ca88484ab92aafc636077c30c9a3 add_nwe_line
- |/
- * f6807c155cbb5aa59a04a6eb354d1df14d641c3c Merge branch 'dev'
- |\
- | * a1f6ad699c62782ddf3cd2c6fc36773f7e55a365 create_new_code3
- * | f4f5dd02154451492b799d9ce8346361e3898b00 add_new_line
- |/
- * b46a32ff94fb7cf4b61ce9af466c5433b0469fb2 resolve_the_conflict
- |\
- | * 7da47b4af8476b1c42b03bf04b7d3f103b16da0d dev_branch_submit
- * | e57c158c60697955a4179ab87244957967419f70 matser_branch_submit
- |/
- * b63902b3874dd3e0a3e0b1ae3e0eb0f30cd616d4 dev_branch_submit
- * f25e944f3e23532ecc3d2837c32057826920474b delete_code2.txt
- * 66a9c996749285bdb5e2010b992483e8a1a1771c version4
- * f18f0ccadc62b83fa4c6e2222956ba2f2a0e5230 version3
- * 6280fa584403809ac2078a81120acf33e6bec836 version2
- * 020bf021ec6d1b77836db4e96541d3659251714e version1
- [root@kai git_test]#

5. Bug分支
软件开发中,bug就像家常便饭一样。有了bug就需要修复,在git中,由于分支是如此的强大,所以,每个bug都可以通过一个新的临时分支来修复,修复后,合并分支,然后将临时分支删除。
当你接到一个修复一个代号001的bug的任务时,很自然地,你想创建一个分支bug-001来修复它,但是,等等,当前正在dev上进行的工作还没有提交:
- [root@kai git_test]# echo "this line is writing...." >> code.txt
- [root@kai git_test]# git status
- # On branch dev
- # Changes not staged for commit:
- # (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
- # (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
- #
- # modified: code.txt
- #
- no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
- [root@kai git_test]#
并不是你不想提交,而是工作只进行到一半,还没法提交,预计完成还需1天时间。但是,必须在两个小时内修复该bug,怎么办?
git还提供了一个stash功能,可以把当前工作现场“储藏”起来,等以后恢复现场后继续工作:
- [root@kai git_test]# git stash
- Saved working directory and index state WIP on dev: 5952b2f add_nwe_line
- HEAD is now at 5952b2f add_nwe_line
- [root@kai git_test]#
首先确定要在哪个分支上修复bug,假定需要在master分支上修复,就从master创建临时分支:
- [root@kai git_test]# git checkout master
- Switched to branch 'master'
- [root@kai git_test]# git checkout -b bug-001
- Switched to a new branch 'bug-001'
- [root@kai git_test]#
现在模拟修复bug,把 add new line删掉,然后提交。
- [root@kai git_test]# vim code.txt
- [root@kai git_test]# cat code.txt
- this is the first line
- this is the second line
- this is the third line
- this is the forth line
- add one line
- add two line in master
- add two line
- add three line
- [root@kai git_test]# git add code.txt
- [root@kai git_test]# git commit -m "repair_bug"
- [bug-001 f52de9b] repair_bug
- 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)
修复完成后,切换到master分支,并完成合并,最后删除bug-001分支。
- [root@kai git_test]# git checkout master
- Switched to branch 'master'
- [root@kai git_test]# git merge --no-ff -m "repair_bug" bug-001
- Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy.
- code.txt | 1 -
- 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)
- [root@kai git_test]# git branch -d bug-001
- Deleted branch bug-001 (was f52de9b).
- [root@kai git_test]#
现在bug-001修复完成,是时候接着回到dev分支干活了!
- [root@kai git_test]# git checkout dev
- Switched to branch 'dev'
- [root@kai git_test]# git status
- # On branch dev
- nothing to commit, working directory clean
- [root@kai git_test]#
工作区是干净的,刚才的工作现场存到哪去了?用git stash list命令看看:
- [root@kai git_test]# git stash list
- stash@{0}: WIP on dev: 5952b2f add_nwe_line
- [root@kai git_test]#
工作现场还在,git把stash内容存在某个地方了,但是需要恢复一下
- [root@kai git_test]# git stash pop
- # On branch dev
- # Changes not staged for commit:
- # (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
- # (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
- #
- # modified: code.txt
- #
- no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
- Dropped refs/stash@{0} (ff39e6e47ea948b97d2587f2205c465fa789c5e9)
- [root@kai git_test]# git status
- # On branch dev
- # Changes not staged for commit:
- # (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
- # (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
- #
- # modified: code.txt
- #
- no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
- [root@kai git_test]#
小结:
修复bug时,我们会通过创建新的bug分支进行修复,然后合并,最后删除;
当手头工作没有完成时,先把工作现场git stash一下,然后去修复bug,修复后,再git stash pop,恢复工作现场。